In-text citations

Using in-text citations

Give the author’s name, date and (if relevant) a page number.

All in-text citations need a corresponding entry in the reference list.

Acronyms such as the NHS (National Health Service) can either be given in full or as an acronym; however, it is important to be consistent and to ensure that they are the same in both the in-text citation and the reference list.

These can be integral or non-integral:

In-text citations: integral

Integral means they are part of your sentence, e.g:

‘Ritzer (2004, 2) claims that most areas of society – including the workplace, schools, the courts, government, medicine, and relaxation – are affected by McDonaldization.’

Integral citations use reporting verbs, such as ‘claims’.

In-text citations: non-integral

Non-integral means the citation comes at the end of the sentence, e.g:

‘Most areas of society – including the workplace, schools, the courts, government, medicine and relaxation – are affected by McDonaldization (Ritzer, 2004, 2).’

In-text citations: referring to a source with 2 or more authors

Where there are two authors, give both names, e.g:

‘The open education movement grew out of the open source movement in software development (Deimann and Farrow, 2013, 345).’

If there are more than two, give the name of the first author followed by ‘et al.’ (Latin for ‘and others’) e.g:

‘Online resources offer opportunities for people living with disabilities (McAndrew et al., 2012, 345).’

When listing the source in your reference list you must give the names of all the authors